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Geriatric depression in China
Geriatric depression is the prolonged occurrence of depression in elderly-aged people. A meta-analysis done by the (University of Liverpool ) found a 3.86% prevalence rate of depressed elderly in The People’s Republic of China,〔Chen, R., J. R. M. Copeland, and L. Wei. "A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies in Depression of Older People in the People's Republic of China."〕 compared to a 12% prevalence in Western Europe.〔Copeland, J. R. M., et al (1999). “Depression in Europe”.〕 Factors for depression in Chinese elderly are affected by Chinese culture, social expectations, and living conditions. There is dispute to whether the low-level reported rates are due to differences in culture and traditions.〔"Depression in China: Lost in Translation?" Harvard Mental Health Letter.〕
==Symptoms and Diagnosis==
The most common used method of measuring depression for many studies on Chinese elderly is the (Geriatric Depression Scale ) (GDS) by Yesavage & Brink.〔Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. 1983. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report.〕 The (Chinese version of the GDS ) was translated by Chu Lee Hing of the (Chinese University of Hong Kong. ) 〔Hing Chu B. Lee. "Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale."〕 A study in Hong Kong found its “() and simple response format (be ) particularly favourable for use among the elderly” and was found to be “satisfactory” for screening depression in elderly Chinese.〔Chiu, HFK, et al. "Reliability, Validity, and Structure of the Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale in a Hong Kong Context: A Preliminary Report."p. 477〕
The use of the GDS analyzes simple behavior symptoms of crying, loss of appetite, sleep, weight, memory, concentration, energy, and enjoyment, whereas analysis of pure feelings may have different cultural connotations.〔Chen, R., J. R. M. Copeland, and L. Wei. "A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies in Depression of Older People in the People's Republic of China." p. 827〕
The (General Health Questionnare )〔D. Goldberg 〕 (GHQ) was also deemed reliable in another study but not as sensitive as the GDS.〔Boey, K. W., H. F. K. Chiu. "Assessing Psychological Well-being of the Old-Old: A Comparative Study of GDS-15 and GHQ-12."〕 This study also sampled Hong Kong elderly. Another assessment that has been used among Chinese old-aged is the Geriatric Mental State Schedule (GMS). It is an interview for assessing psychopathology in 65+ aged patients which classifies by symptom type and any changes over time within that type.〔Copeland, J. R. M., et al (1976). “A semi-structured Clinical interview for the assessment of diagnosis and mental state in the elderly: The Geriatric Mental State Schedule. I. Development and reliability."〕 Further detailed diagnosis can made with the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (AGECAT) by using the scores from the GMS.〔Copeland, J. R. M., et al (1999). “Depression in Europe”. Geographical distribution among older people."〕〔Copeland, J. R. M., et al (1986). “Computerized psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT."〕〔Dewey, M. E. & Copeland, J. R. M. (1986). “Computerized psychiatric diagnosis in the elderly: AGECAT."〕〔Burns, Alistair, Brian Lawlor, Sarah Craig. “Rating scales in old age psychiatry.”〕
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